| （拜罗伊特大学 体育科学学院，德国 巴伐利亚州 95447） 摘 要：概述德国足球治理现状，包括德国各级政府的角色扮演、德国职业足球俱乐部治理、联赛运营公司与联赛协会之间的关系、德国足球青训和教练员培养以及德国足球裁判培养和法律约束等方面。研究认为：德国大众足球俱乐部是德国青少年球员以及裁判员培养的主要载体，为德国足协推行“管办分离”改革铺平道路；遵循“市场中心逻辑”，德国足协转变职能并专心致力于德丙联赛治理以及青少年足球发展；德国职业足球俱乐部是“球迷至上”原则的践行者。对我国足球发展的启示：各级政府应大力扶持与引导大众足球俱乐部发展；走出“政府中心逻辑”，还市场主体地位；职业足球俱乐部坚持以球迷为中心；多管齐下，规范与约束足球裁判行为。 |
MA Yang，MARKUS Kurscheidt
| （Institute of Sport Science，University of Bayreuth，Bavaria 95447，Germany) Abstract: The authors selected Germany football as their research object, gave an overview of the current situation of German football governance, including such aspects as the roles played by the German governments at all levels, German professional football club governance, the relationship between the league operating company and league association, German teenager football training and coach cultivation, as well as German football referee cultivation and legal restraints etc. By studying the authors put forward the following opinions: German mass football clubs are the carrier of the cultivation of German teenager football players and referees, clear up the path for the German football association to implement the reform of “governance and management separation”; by following the “market center logic”, the German football association changed its functions and dedicated itself to 3rd Liga governance and teenager football development; German professional football clubs are practitioners of the “Fans First” principle. Inspirations to Chinese football development are as follows: the governments at all level should vigorously support and guide mass football club development, get out of the “government center logic”, and give the principal status back to the market; professional football clubs should keep basing the center on fans, and take multiple measures to standardize and restrain football referee behaviors. |
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