| （首都体育学院 体育社会与经济教研室，北京 100088） 摘 要：体育中的安全保障义务，是指从事体育经营活动或组织其他体育活动的人对他人人身安全所承担的合理的保护义务。确定违反安全保障义务侵权行为的基本要求，就是行为人违反必要的安全保护义务。确定体育中合理的安全保障义务应考虑：防范风险以及损害的能力、体育活动开展的特征、风险或损害行为的来源及强度、预防与控制风险或损害的成本和受害人参加经营活动或者社会活动的具体情形。结合英美法国家经验和体育活动的特殊性，我国应在立法中明确体育活动的参与者和观众甘冒风险作为抗辩事由。可以契约形式明确参与者和观众自甘风险，即缔结免责条款，其合法性取决于是否明确、具体、清晰和协商过程自由、开放、透明。因故意或重大过失而产生损害时免责条款无效。 |
HAN Yong
| （Department of Sports Society and Economic，Capital Institute of Physical Education，Beijing 100088，China） Abstract: Safety assurance obligation in sport refers to a rational obligation undertaken by a person engaging in sports business activities or organizing other sports activities to protect the personal safety of others. The basic re-quirement for determining a safety assurance obligation breaching behavior is that the doer violates the safety as-surance obligation. In determining rational safety assurance obligations in sport, the followings should be consid-ered: the ability to prevent risks and damages, the characteristics of the development of sports activities, the source and intensity of risks or damaging behaviors, the costs for preventing and controlling risks or damages, and specific circumstances of the victim participating in business activities or social activities. By referring to the experiences of UK, USA and France as well as the specificity of sports activities, in its legislations China should specify sport ac-tivity participant and audience assumption of risk as a reason for defense. The participant and audience assumption of risk can be specified in the form of agreement, i.e. establishing an exculpatory clause, whose legitimacy depends on whether it is well defined, specific and clear, and whether the negotiation process is freewill, open and transpar-ent. When damage is done intentionally or by a gross negligence, the exculpatory clause will be invalid. |
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