| （华南师范大学 体育科学学院，广东 广州 510006） 摘 要：对大学生不良步态生物力学特征及影响因素进行研究，为揭示在校大学生群体步态特点，探讨内八步态形成的生物力学因素及机制，和防治内八步态及其他不良步态的相关研究提供理论依据。结果显示：(1)大学生的步向角度为(7.5±8.4)°，内八步态发生率为28%，外八步态发生率为27%；步态特点性别差异非常显著，主要表现在步向角均值、内外八步发生率及左右不对称比例。(2)着地时相，正常步态足底压力中心速率最大，内八步态最小，外八步态介于中间；支撑阶段，正常步态足底压力中心速率较为均衡，波峰出现在足支撑阶段50%位置，内八和外八步态足底压力中心速率峰值较大，出现在足支撑阶段65%位置。(3)内八步态踝关节内旋、外旋肌力较正常步态弱，内旋与外旋肌力比值高于正常步态；外八步态内外旋肌力比值显著低于正常步态。(4)30(°)/s和120(°)/s两种角速度内旋与外旋平均力矩比值与步向角度呈弱负相关，且具有显著性。(5)内八和外八步FMS评分(14.5和13.4)显著低于正常步态者(16.9分)。(6)内八步态动态平衡稳定性较正常步态差，且具非常显著性；外八步态者动态平衡稳定性与正常步态相近。研究表明：(1)大学生步态性别差异具有非常显著性。结合前期儿童内八步态研究结果认为：在不进行干预的情况下，内八步态不会随着身体的发育而自然消失。(2)大学生内八步态的足底压力中心分布不合理，相比正常步态有压力后移趋势，不能有效利用足弓的缓冲作用，着地时足跟处受到更大的压力，离地时支撑点不能移到大拇趾处而获得理想的蹬地效果，外八步态与正常步态在足底压力中心分布上无显著性差异。(3)大学生内八步态是多方面生物力学因素所造成的，包括人体运动链存在薄弱环节较多、本体感觉较差、下肢肌肉力量弱及下肢关节旋外灵活性差等。(4)外八步态的形成原因，并非简单的与内八步态相反，而是有其独特的生物力学机制，有待于更多研究进行探讨。 |
CAI Zu-lin，LI Yan-pei，WANG Hao-lin，ZHANG Lei，SONG Ya-ping，ZHANG Xiu-li
| （School of Physical Education，South China Normal University，Guangzhou 510006，China) Abstract: The authors studied the biomechanical characteristics and affecting factors of undesirable gaits of univer-sity students, so as to provide a theoretical basis for revealing the gait characteristics of university students on cam-pus, for probing into the biomechanical factors and mechanism of toe-in gait formation, and for researches in rela-tion to preventing and treating toe-in gait and other undesirable gaits. The results show the followings: 1) university students’ step angle is (7.5±8.4)°, their toe-in gait occurrence rate is 28%, their toe-out gait occurrence rate is 27%; the gender differences of gait characteristics are very significant, mainly showing in step angle mean value, toe-in and toe-out gait occurrence rates, as well as left and right asymmetry percentage; 2) at landing, normal gait’s plantar pressure center trace velocity is the highest, the toe-in gait’s is the lowest, the toe-out gait’s is somewhere in be-tween; at the supporting stage, normal gait’s pressure center trace velocity is balanced, the peak appears at the 50% position of the foot supporting stage, toe-in gait’s and toe-out gait’s plantar pressure center trace velocity peaks are higher, appearing at the 65% position of the foot supporting stage; 3) toe-in gait’s angle joint intortor strength and extortor strength are weaker than normal gait’s, its ratio of intortor strength to extortor strength is higher than nor-mal gait’s; toe-out gait’s ratio of intortor strength to extortor strength is significantly lower than normal gait’s; 4) at the angular speeds of 30°/s and 120°/s, the ratio of intorsion mean moment to extorsion mean moment is weakly negatively correlative with step angle, and significantly; 5) toe-in and toe-out gaits’ FMS scores (14.5 and 13.4) are significantly lower than normal gait’s (16.9); 6) toe-in gait’s dynamic balance stability is poorer than normal gait’s, and very significantly; toe-out gait’s dynamic balance stability is close to normal gait’s. This research shows the followings: 1) the gender differences of gaits of university students are very significant; coupled with children toe-in gait research results derived earlier, it is concluded that when not intervened, toe-in gait will not naturally disappear as the body develops; 2) the plantar pressure center distribution of toe-in gait of university students is irrational, the pressure tends to move backward as compared with normal gait’s, toe-in gait is unable to effectively utilize foot arch’s buffer function, the heel suffers greater pressure at landing, the supporting point was unable to move to the hallux to achieve an ideal ground hitting effect at lifting; there is no significant difference between toe-out gait and normal gait in terms of plantar pressure center distribution; 3) toe-in gait of university students is caused by multiple biomechanical factors, which include various weak links existing in the body movement chain, poor proprioception, weak lower limb muscle strength, poor lower limb joint extorsion flexibility etc; 4) toe-out gait’s formation reason is not simply opposite to toe-in gait’s, provided with its own unique biomechanical mechanism, needed to be further probed into by more researches. |
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